Can we identify species from biological samples of unknown wildlife origin?

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Yes — species identification from biological samples of unknown wildlife origin is not only possible but is a core application of DNA-based wildlife genetics and forensics. This process, often called DNA barcoding or molecular species identification, is used extensively for conservation, trade monitoring, and law enforcement (e.g., under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). In India, forensic identification of wildlife species protected under the schedules of Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 is mandatory, for any crime with punishment amounting to seven years or more imprisonment.